i*;^""f^-:.;i:r^plf'*;f^^' 


V'  1 


ersit ;. 
f'^ecllcf'tlon  of  the 


'unicr  imiv- 


(Trustsss  L;erl9s,n.22) 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
AT   LOS  ANGELES 


ROBERT  ERNEST  COWAN 


LELAND  STANFORD  JUNIOR  UNIVERSITY  PUBUCATIONS 
-       '912  TRUSTEES'  SERIES  NO.  22 


DEDICATION 

OF  THE 

LANE  MEDICAL  LIBRARY 

Leland  Stanford  Jr.  University 

SAN  FRANCISCO.  NOVEMBER  3.  1912 


ADDRESSES 


OF 


TIMOTHY  HOPKINS 
EMMET  RIXFORD 
DAVID  STARR  JORDAN 


STANFORD  UNIVERSITY.  CALIFORNIA 

PUBUSHED  BY  THE  UNIVERSITY 

1912 


LELAND  STANFORD  JUNIOR  UNIVERSITY  PUBLICATIONS 

1912  TRUSTEES'  SERIES  NO.  22 


DEDICATION 

OF  THE 

LANE  MEDICAL  LIBRARY 

Leland  Stanford  Jr.  University 

SAN  FRANCISCO.  NOVEMBER  3.  1912 


ADDRESSES 

OF 

TIMOTHY  HOPKINS 
EMMET  RIXFORD 
DAVID  STARR  JORDAN 


STANFORD  UNIVERSITY.  CALIFORNIA 

PUBLISHED  BY  THE  UNIVERSITY 

1912 


^  57BS 


293434 


o 

5 
B 

< 
Pi 

< 
u 

Q 


DEDICATION  OF  THE  LANE  MEDICAL  LIBRARY 
OF  LELAND  STANFORD  JR.  UNIVERSITY 


On  November  3,  1912,  the  building  intended  to  house  the  Lane 
Medical  Library  of  Leland  Stanford  Jr.  University,  in  connection 
with  the  Medical  Department  of  the  University,  was  formally  dedi- 
cated at  San  Francisco. 

Addresses  were  given  on  that  occasion  by  Mr.  Timothy  Hopkins, 
President  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  by  Dr.  Emmet  Rixford,  Professor 
of  Surgery,  and  by  David  Starr  Jordan,  President  of  the  University. 
These  addresses  are  included  in  this  publication. 

INTRODUCTION 

President  Hopkins  presided  and  opened  the  meeting  with  the  fol- 
lowing words : 

We  meet  to  dedicate  this  handsome  library  building  to  the  cause 
of  education  and  to  humanity,  and  in  behalf  of  the  Board  of  Trustees 
of  Stanford  University,  I  welcome  you.  The  Reverend  Bradford 
Leavitt  will  open  the  exercises  with  prayer. 

After  the  prayer.  President  Hopkins  introduced  Dr.  Rixford  as 
follows : 

It  is  no  severe  strain  upon  the  imagination  to  believe  that,  as  time 
rolls  on,  the  three  great  metropolitan  cities  of  the  United  States  will  be 
Chicago,  in  its  center,  and  New  York  and  San  Francisco  upon  its  two 
seaboards.  A  city  becomes  a  metropolis,  in  the  broad  acceptance  of  the 
term,  at  that  stage  in  its  development  when,  its  commercial  and  financial 
resources  being  firmly  established,  it  can  turn  attention  to  the  Arts  and 
Sciences  and  adorn  itself  with  libraries,  museums,  art  galleries,  opera 
houses,  and  other  evidences  of  the  cultured  side  of  life. 

Today,  in  opening  this  Medical  library  to  the  public,  our  city  by  the 
Golden  Gate  has  met  one  more  requirement  for  entrance  into  the  metro- 
politan sisterhood,  she  is  one  step  nearer  the  brilliant  destiny  awaiting  her. 

The  cities  of  the  United  States  in  which  special  buildings  are  devoted 
to  medical  libraries  are  few  in  number,  and  this  building,  in  addition  to 
marking  an  epoch  in  our  metropolitan  progress,  has  the  distinction  of 
being  the  first  structure  of  a  strictly  non-utilitarian  character  (other  than 
churches)  to  be  completed  in  the  rebuilding  of  our  municipality.  The 
collection  of  books  it  contains  may  also  well  be  a  subject  of  civic  pride, 


since  it  ranks  among  the  greatest  in  size  and  importance  of  the  med- 
ical libraries  in  America. 

The  Levi  Cooper  Lane  Library  of  Medicine  and  Surgery  was  found- 
ed, and  this  building  erected,  with  funds  provided  by  Dr.  Levi  Cooper 
Lane  and  Pauline  C.  Lane,  his  wife. 

Dr.  Lane  devoted  for  many  years  both  his  time  and  his  fortune  to 
medical  education,  and  this  manifestation  of  the  foresight  and  generosity 
of  himself  and  Mrs.  Lane  is  an  appropriate  and  fitting  climax  to  his  life's 
work. 

The  formation  and  care  of  the  library  was  intrusted  to  the  Directors  of 
the  Cooper  Medical  College,  who  transferred  it  to  Stanford  at  the  same 
time  that  they  deeded  to  that  University  the  property  and  equipment  of 
the  college.    Results  show  that  their  work  was  well  done. 

Dr.  Emmet  Rixford,  a  pupil  of  and  an  associate  with  Dr.  Lane  in 
Cooper  Medical  College — and,  we  are  glad  to  add,  now  of  Stanford — 
has  always  taken  a  deep  interest  in  the  library,  and  has  loyally  devoted 
such  time  as  could  be  spared  from  the  practice  of  the  busiest  of  profes- 
sions, to  its  care  and  development.  This  intimate  connection  with  the 
library  enables  him  to  speak  authoritatively,  and  he  has  kindly  consented 
to  give  us  its  history. 

A  BRIEF  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  HISTORY   OF  THE  LANE   MEDICAL 
LIBRARY  AND  OF  COOPER  MEDICAL  COLLEGE 

Dr.  Rixford  said: 

We  are  assembled  here  this  afternoon  to  participate  in  the  formal 
opening  of  the  Lane  Medical  Library  and  in  the  dedication  of  this  beau- 
tiful building,  an  event  which  is  of  the  greatest  importance  in  the  devel- 
opment of  medical  education  and  the  progress  of  medical  science  on  the 
Pacific  Coast.  But  this  meeting  marks  another  event  of  perhaps  even 
greater  significance  in  the  history  of  medical  education  in  Western 
America — the  transformation  of  Cooper  Medical  College  into  the  Med- 
ical Department  of  Leland  Stanford  Junior  University.  It  is  a  matter  of 
gratification  to  me  that  I  should  have  been  requested  by  the  Trustees  of 
the  University  to  speak  on  this  occasion  of  the  history  of  the  Lane  Med- 
ical Library  and  Cooper  Medical  College.  It  gives  me  an  opportunity  to 
tell  of  the  growth  of  my  most  beloved  hobby  and  to  say,  as  it  were,  a  last 
word  for  Cooper  College,  which  for  the  past  forty  years  has  stood  at  the 
front  in  the  advancement  of  medical  education  in  California  and  has  been 
alma  mater  to  so  large  a  proportion  of  the  practitioners  of  the  Pacific 
Coast. 

First  of  the  library :  Previously  to  1895  there  had  been  made  several 
sporadic  attempts  to  gather  together  a  collection  of  medical  books  in 
Cooper  College  for  the  use  of  its  students.  Members  of  the  Faculty  con- 
tributed from  their  private  libraries  and  the  College  bought  a  few  books, 
notably  a  set  of  the  Sydenham  Society's  publications  at  the  suggestion  of 

—  6  — 


Dr.  S.  O.  L.  Potter,  then  Professor  of  the  Principles  and  Practice  of 
Medicine.  Dr.  W.  D.  Johnston  and  Dr.  Charles  H.  Steele,  who  suc- 
cessively served  as  librarian,  made  various  attempts  to  arouse  interest  in 
the  library.  In  my  student  days  the  shelves  contained  a  much-worn  copy 
of  Gray's  "Anatomy,"  Dalton's  "Physiology,"  Pepper's  and  Reynold's 
"Systems  of  Medicine."  and  some  other  text  books,  a  set  of  Wood's 
"Medical  Monographs"  and  a  copy  of  the  British  Encyclopaedia.  With 
no  regularly  attending  librarian,  the  books  were  scattered  about,  were 
never  in  their  places  and  developed  an  extreme  volatility  so  that  Dr. 
Steele,  when  Librarian,  in  desperation  locked  up  the  books  securely  in 
glass  cases  so  that  at  least  they  could  be  seen. 

It  had  been  the  custom  for  each  graduating  class  on  leaving  the  col- 
lege to  signalize  its  sense  of  obligation  to  its  alma  mater  by  making  a 
parting  gift  to  the  head  janitor.  One  class,  I  remember,  gave  him  a  gold 
watch  and  another  a  diamond  ring.  When  the  time  approached  for  my 
class  to  graduate — 1891 — some  of  us  conceived  the  revolutionary  idea 
that  it  would  be  more  fitting  for  our  class,  of  which  we  felt  singularly 
and  justly  proud,  to  inaugurate  the  custom  of  presenting  to  the  library 
a  set  of  books — perhaps  some  work  of  reference.  The  plan  naturally  met 
with  much  resistance  on  the  part  of  the  men  who  had  received  favors 
from  the  presiding  janitor.  After  much  debate  we  finally  arrived  at  a 
compromise — we  doubled  the  amount  of  the  usual  subscription  that  we 
might  carry  out  both  these  worthy  objects.  I  was  appointed  treasurer 
of  the  fund  and  had  little  difficulty  in  making  the  collection,  except  from 
a  very  small  minority.  One  of  this  group,  a  big  raw-boned  fellow, 
loudly  proclaimed  that  he  had  paid  his  tuition  fees  and  owed  the  college 
nothing.  However,  it  should  be  recorded  every  member  of  the  class  paid 
his  subscription  and  the  money  was  sufficient  to  purchase  a  well  known 
"Atlas  of  Skin  Diseases"  for  the  library  and  a  handsome  ring  for  the 
janitor.  Of  course  the  names  of  the  members  of  the  class  were  inscribed 
in  the  Atlas  on  a  fly  leaf. 

In  1898  a  signal  departure  in  the  method  of  instruction  was  inaug- 
urated in  Cooper  Medical  College  by  the  creation  of  a  salaried  Profes- 
sorship of  Pathology  and  the  election  of  Dr.  William  Ophiils  to  the 
position.  Of  course  a  paid  pathologist  must  have  books  so  the  library's 
two  friends.  Dr.  Barkan  and  Dr.  Hirschfelder,  gave  each  $100  for 
books  on  pathology  and  physiology.  From  now  on  the  library  was  a 
vigorously  growing  youngster  with  an  insatiable  appetite.  A  system  of 
exchange  was  inaugurated,  the  State  Library  at  Sacramento  was  invaded 
and  some  of  its  duplicates  bought,  older  practitioners  were  importuned 
to  contribute  their  accumulations  of  pamphlets,  journals,  etc.,  others  to 
contribute  their  current  periodicals.  A  number  of  Eastern  medical 
libraries  gave  very  material  assistance  in  the  contribution  of  an  occa- 
sional box  of  books — notably  the  Library  of  the  New  York  Academy  of 
Medicine  and  the  Boston  Medical  Library.  The  Library  of  the  Surgeon 
General's  office,  perhaps  the  greatest  collection  of  medical  literature  in 


the  world,  receiving-  as  it  does  a  vast  quantity  of  duplicate  material,  per- 
mits librarians  of  struggling  libraries  to  take  what  they  need  from  this 
duplicate  material.  On  each  of  several  visits  to  Washington  I  spent  a 
day  or  so  rummaging  in  the  duplicate  room  and  digging  out  a  lot  of 
books,  reports,  transactions  and  odd  periodicals  which  were  of  use  to  the 
College  library. 

One  of  our  ambitions  was  to  gather  together  the  fast  disappearing 
material  out  of  which  some  day  might  be  written  a  comprehensive  his- 
tory of  the  medical  profession  of  the  Pacific  Coast.  We  set  about  to 
secure  a  copy  of  everything  which  had  been  printed  on  medical  matters 
in  California.  Aside  from  a  few  medical  journals,  most  of  this  material 
is  in  the  form  of  pamphlets.  The  pioneer  physicians  of  the  Golden  State 
were  famous  pamphleteers.  Such  things  could  only  be  found  in  second- 
hand book  shops  and  in  dusty  and  forgotten  closets  consorting  with  old 
shoes,  carpet  bags,  and  boot- jacks.  As  the  older  practitioners  dropped 
off  one  by  one,  these  invaluable  accumulations  of  pamphlets  were  ruth- 
lessly destroyed,  while  the  comparatively  worthless  text-books,  out  of 
date  before  they  were  printed,  were  religiously  preserved.  We  carried 
on  a  deal  of  correspondence  in  an  effort  to  forestall  this  slaughter,  asking 
for  everything,  no  matter  how  worthless,  for  even  old  college  announce- 
ments were  of  value  to  us.  We  had  the  satisfaction  of  securing  all  of 
the  periodicals  of  California  and  a  mass  of  ephemera  which  will  be  in- 
valuable for  the  object  stated. 

During  all  this  time  Dr.  L.  C.  Lane,  President  of  the  College,  ap- 
parently paid  little  attention  to  the  College  library  beyond  contributing 
occasionally  a  few  books,  among  them  a  set  of  the  Index  Catalogue  of 
the  Library  of  the  Surgeon  General's  Office;  but  one  evening  in  1898  he 
sent  for  me  to  come  to  his  house.  My  astonishment  knew  no  bounds 
when  he  announced  that  he  and  Mrs.  Lane  had  just  made  their  wills  and 
wanted  me  to  be  one  of  the  witnesses  thereto.  Dr.  Lane  then  gave  me  a 
resume  of  the  provisions  of  their  wills,  saying  that  it  was  their  desire  that 
the  residue  of  their  property  should  be  devoted  to  the  purposes  of  a  Med- 
ical Library. 

Dr.  Lane  died  February  9,  1902,  leaving  his  entire  estate  to  his  wife. 
She  died  within  the  year  leaving  one-third  of  the  entire  estate  to  Cooper 
Medical  College  for  the  purposes  of  a  Medical  Library  and  a  "special 
library  building  therefor,"  one-third  being  all  of  an  estate  which,  under 
the  law  of  the  State  of  California,  can  be  conveyed  by  will  to  a  corpora- 
tion or  for  charitable  purposes.  The  remaining  two-thirds  were  left  to 
the  then  President  of  the  College. 

The  one-third  of  the  estate  which  the  college  received  for  the  library 
consisted  of  some  $40,000  in  money  and  a  one-third  interest  in  a  large 
amount  of  unproductive  real  estate  of  the  value  approximately  of  $150,- 
000,  more  than  would  be  needed  for  a  simple  college  library  but  utterly 
inadequate  to  erect  a  monumental  building  for  a  general  medical  library 
such  as  Mrs.  Lane  had  planned,  and  at  the  same  time  provide  sufficient 

—  8  — 


endowment  for  its  maintenance.  The  sale  of  several  pieces  of  the  real 
estate  enabled  the  Directors  of  Cooper  College  to  purchase  as  a  site  for 
the  Library  the  lot  on  which  this  building  stands,  while  the  interest  on 
the  $35,000  which  remained  in  the  bank  furnished  a  small  fund  for  the 
purchase  of  books. 

After  Mrs.  Lane's  death  the  library  was  enriched  by  the  private 
library  of  Dr.  Lane,  consisting  of  some  2,000  volumes,  containing  many 
medical  classics  and  some  valuable  historical  material,  and  raising  the 
number  of  volumes  in  the  library  to  10,000,  exclusive  of  duplicates. 

In  furtherance  of  their  trust  under  the  will  of  Mrs.  Lane,  the  Direc- 
tors of  Cooper  College  by  resolution  of  August  13,  1906,  founded  the 
Lane  Medical  College,  contributing  the  college  library  as  its  nucleus, 
and  set  about  making  plans  for  the  Library  building.  When  it  came  to 
the  question  of  endowment  the  Directors  were  informed  that  the  two- 
thirds  of  the  estate  bequeathed  by  Mrs.  Lane  to  the  president  of  the  cor- 
poration were  considered  by  the  latter  a  personal  gift  and  would  not  be 
available  either  for  the  Library  or  the  Lane  Medical  Lectures.  This  of 
course  put  an  effectual  stop  to  construction  of  the  Library  at  that  time. 

In  1906,  through  the  goodness  of  Dr.  Abraham  Jacobi  of  New  York, 
we  were  enabled  to  purchase  at  a  most  advantageous  price  the  great  col- 
lection of  duplicates  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine — the  bulk 
of  which  was  the  former  Library  of  the  New  York  Hospital — which 
added  some  28,000  volumes  to  our  stacks,  exclusive  of  duplicates,  and 
made  the  Lane  Medical  Library  the  largest  west  of  Chicago  and  the 
seventh  in  size  in  the  United  States. 

When  Cooper  Medical  College  conveyed  its  properties  to  Stanford 
University  it  transferred  to  the  Trustees  of  the  University  its  Lane 
Medical  Library  Trust.  How  well  the  University  authorities  have  ful- 
filled the  trust,  advancing  funds  to  the  library  against  the  landed  endow- 
ment as  security  so  as  to  make  the  library  immediately  available,  this 
beautiful  building  testifies. 

The  conservative  Trustees,  however,  were  willing  to  advance  in  this 
manner  only  $80,000  and  contemplated  erecting  a  Library  building  on 
the  L  or  key  lot  adjoining,  but  the  Directors  of  Cooper  College  felt  that 
a  building  in  a  narrow  lot  in  the  middle  of  the  block  would  not  have  the 
monumental  character  desired  for  the  Lane"^edical  Library,  so  they  ap- 
propriated from  the  reserve  funds  of  the  college  $20,000  which  enabled 
the  Trustees  to  erect  this  splendid  building  on  its  present  site.  Of  course 
the  building  and  its  equipment  cost  a  good  deal  more  in  the  end,  but  the 
Trustees  have  the  consciousness  of  a  good  piece  of  work  well  done. 

Dr.  A.  Barkan  had  created  a  fund  in  Cooper  College  of  $5,000, 
known  as  the  Teachers'  Fund,  the  income  of  which  was  expended  in 
traveling  expenses  of  some  member  of  the  teaching  staff  to  assist  him  in 
visiting  other  medical  institutions.  When  the  properties  were  turned 
over  to  Stanford  University,  there  being  no  longer  any  use  for  the  Teach- 
ers' Fund  of  Cooper  College,  the  Directors,  with  Dr.  Barkan's  consent, 

—  9_ 


transferred  this  sum  to  Stanford  University  as  an  endowment  of  a  sec- 
tion on  opthalmolo^y  in  the  Lane  Medical  Library — to  be  named  for  Dr. 
Rarkan.  Dr.  Barkan  added  another  $5,000,  which  made  an  endowment 
of  the  Barkan  Library  of  Opthalmology  and  Otology  of  a  round  $10,000. 

Now  that  Dr.  Henry  Gibbons.  Jr.,  the  students'  friend  and  for  forty 
years  the  Dean  of  the  College,  has  passed  away  his  old  associates  in  the 
faculty  and  his  former  students  have  undertaken  to  raise  a  similar  fund 
for  a  section  of  the  Library  on  obstetrics  as  a  memorial  to  Dr.  Gibbons, 
by  which  in  a  sense  his  life's  work  as  a  teacher  may  be  continued. 

The  history  of  Cooper  Medical  College  is  bound  up  in  the  lives  and 
achievements  of  two  remarkable  men — Levi  Cooper  Lane  and  his  uncle, 
Elias  Samuel  Cooper,  for  whom  the  college  was  named. 

Dr.  Cooper  began  the  study  of  medicine  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  receiv- 
ing his  degree  from  the  St.  Louis  University  in  1843.  ^^  entered  prac- 
tice in  Danville,  then  moved  to  Peoria,  Illinois,  where  for  several  years 
he  maintained  a  dissecting  room  in  connection  with  his  office.  He  knew 
and  greatly  admired  Dr.  G.  L.  Brainerd,  founder  of  Rush  Medical  College, 
Chicago,  and  became  fired  with  the  desire  to  emulate  him  and  found  a 
medical  college  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  After  a  tour  in  Europe,  he  started 
for  Portland,  Oregon.  A  companion  on  the  steamer  was  Captain  James 
M.  McDonald  and  the  friendship  which  ripened  on  this  voyage  was  the 
reason  for  Captain  McDonald's  gift  to  Cooper  College,  forty  years  after- 
wards, of  the  two  fifty  varas  of  land  on  which  Lane  Hospital  was  erected, 
besides  $25,000  in  money  for  college  purposes. 

Dr.  Cooper  by  some  persuasion  stopped  in  San  Francisco  and  met 
with  signal  success  in  surgical  practice.  He  was  a  leading  spirit  in  the 
movement  which  resulted  in  the  formation  of  the  State  Medical  Society 
in  1856,  and  in  that  year  began  the  publishing  of  the  San  Francisco  Med- 
ical Press.  In  1858  he  founded  a  Medical  school  in  San  Francisco,  the 
first  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  naming  it  the  Medical  Department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  the  Pacific.  Dr.  Cooper  made  the  very  remarkable  announce- 
ment of  a  course  in  operative  surgery  on  animals  as  affording  the  stu- 
dents unusual  opportunities  of  perfecting  themselves  in  operative  tech- 
nique. In  default  of  a  charter  the  school  got  its  authority 
for  the  granting  of  degrees  in  Medicine  by  an  affiliation  with  the  Univer- 
sity of  the  Pacific  in  San  Jose.  They  had  at  first  no  students,  but  the 
faculty  held  regular  sessions  and  lectured  to  each  other.  The  school  met 
with  the  most  intense  criticism  and  opposition  on  the  part  of  a  large  pro- 
portion of  the  medical  profession ;  it  was  called  the  "Cooper  Shop,"  was 
the  object  of  scathing  denunciation  in  the  Pacific  Medical  Journal  and 
the  California  Medical  Gazette.  However,  it  persevered  and  graduated 
a  number  of  men  who  took  prominent  place  in  the  medical  profession  of 
California. 

In  the  faculty  were  some  very  well  known  men — A.  J.  Bowie,  Isaac 
Rowell,  J.  F.  Morse,  R.  Beverly  Cole,  Henry  Gibbons  (Sr.)  and,  after 

—  10  — 


i86o,  L.  C.  Lane,  who  had  resigned  from  the  Navy  and,  at  his  uncle's 
invitation,  entered  practice  in  San  Francisco. 

Sessions  were  held  in  the  rooms  in  the  top  story  of  Dr.  Cooper's 
office  on  Mission  Street,  below  Third.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  Dr. 
Cole,  who  was  dean  or  secretary  of  the  faculty,  felt  that  the  modest 
quarters,  although  rent  free,  were  beneath  the  dignity  of  an  institution 
which  was  destined  to  take  prominent  place  among  the  educational  insti- 
tutions of  the  country,  and  he  urged  the  renting  of  some  more  conspic- 
uous building  up  town ;  in  fact  he  paid  the  rent  out  of  his  own  pocket  for 
a  time  of  a  part  of  Union  Hall,  which  old  San  Franciscans  will  remember 
stood  on  Howard  Street  near  Fourth,  but  it  was  not  many  months  before 
they  moved  back  into  Dr.  Cooper's  building. 

This  school  graduated  twenty-eight  students  with  the  degree  of 
M.  D.  between  the  years  1859  and  1864,  among  them  several  who  became 
well  known:  Henry  Gibbons,  Jr.,  William  J.  Younger  (the  dentist), 
James  Murphy,  John  E.  Kunkler,  M.  A.  Cachot,  D.  S.  Deal,  W.  T.  Gar- 
wood. 

Dr.  Cooper  died  in  1862  at  the  age  of  forty,  and  the  school,  lacking 
his  strong  leadership,  soon  went  to  decay  and  in  1864,  when  Dr.  H.  H. 
Toland  founded  the  Toland  Medical  College  and  erected  a  commodious 
brick  building  on  Stockton  Street  near  the  City  and  County  Hospital, 
which  then  was  on  Francisco  Street  at  North  Beach,  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  the  Pacific  ceased  its  activities  and  its  students 
continued  their  work  in  the  new  school. 

It  was  not  long,  however,  before  the  students  petitioned  the  faculty 
to  invite  Dr.  Lane  and  Dr.  Gibbons  to  become  teachers  in  that  school. 
This  was  done  and  Dr.  Lane  became  Professor  of  Physiology,  and  Dr. 
Henry  Gibbons  (Sr.)  became  Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and  Thera- 
peutics, and  Dr.  J.  F.  Morse  (Sr.)  Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine.  Dr. 
Cole  was  not  invited  as  he  was  out  of  favor  with  Dr.  Toland.  He  was 
subsequently  avenged,  however,  when  as  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Su- 
pervisors he  was  instrumental  in  having  the  City  and  County  Hospital 
moved  from  the  neighborhood  of  Dr.  Toland's  building  to  the  extreme 
opposite  side  of  the  town — the  present  site  on  Potrero  avenue — and  this 
very  shortly  after  Dr.  Toland  with  much  difficulty  had  secured  access  to 
the  hospital  wards  for  his  students.  In  the  later  sixties  there  were  no 
street  cars  running  into  the  Mission,  in  fact  many  of  the  streets  were  not 
yet  graded.  I  do  not  hesitate  to  tell  of  this  incident  because  Dr.  Cole 
often  spoke  of  it  jokingly  in  after  years. 

After  six  years,  therefore,  in  1870,  because  of  internal  dissension  in 
the  school,  the  detail  of  which  need  not  be  mentioned  here,  Dr.  Lane  and 
Dr.  Gibbons  resigned  from  the  faculty  of  Toland  College  and  reorganized 
the  old  school  with  many  of  its  old  faculty,  including  A.  J.  Bowie,  J.  F. 
Morse,  J.  P.  Whitney  as  Emeritus  Professors  and  R.  Beverly  Cole.  Dr. 
Henry  Gibbons,  Jr.  was  made  Dean.  All  the  students  but  one  left  Toland 
and  went  into  the  new  school,  which  in  order  to  secure  authority  to  grant 

—  11  — 


diplomas  entered  into  relations  with  University  (City)  College,  a  Pres- 
byterian school  on  Stockton  Street  where  the  City  of  Paris  Building  now 
stands,  and  held  its  sessions  in  the  college  building.  In  recognition  of 
the  services  of  this  Presbyterian  School,  the  Medical  College,  which  soon 
changed  its  name  to  that  of  the  Medical  College  of  the  Pacific,  gave  free 
tuition  in  medicine  to  one  student  each  year  nominated  by  the  University 
College  and  later  by  the  Presbyterian  Church,  a  custom  which  was 
continued  for  many  years  after  the  Presbyterian  college  went  out  of 
existence,  that  is,  until  about  1895.  Though  the  purpose  was  to  further 
the  cause  of  the  medical  missionary,  not  all  who  received  free  tuition  in 
this  manner  became  missionaries ;  some  entered  private  practice. 

In  a  short  time  Dr.  Toland  besought  Dr.  Lane  and  Dr.  Gibbons  to 
let  by-gones  be  by-gones  and  to  come  back  into  the  Toland  School  but 
it  was  characteristic  of  both  these  strong  men  not  to  retrace  a  step  once 
taken — besides  they  had  the  students.  Dr.  Toland  then  sought  through 
Dr.  Cole  to  induce  the  students  to  return.  Dr.  Cole  went,  but  no  stu- 
dents followed.  Soon  Dr.  Toland  made  overtures  to  the  Regents  of  the 
University  of  California  which  resulted  in  the  affiliation  of  the  Toland 
Medical  College  with  the  University  in  1873. 

The  privilege  of  giving  clinical  instruction  in  the  wards  of  the  City 
and  County  Hospital  was  obtained  (in  1870)  and  an  out-patient  or  am- 
bulatory clinic  was  opened  in  the  college  building.  Dr.  John  F.  Morse 
(Sr.)  was  chiefly  instrumental  in  the  establishment  of  this  clinic  and  gave 
it  a  great  deal  of  attention,  in  consideration  of  which  after  his  death  in 
1877  the  faculty  named  it  the  Morse  Dispensary,  which  name  it  bore  for 
fifteen  years — even  after  the  college  became  Cooper  College. 

In  1882  the  members  of  the  faculty  were  invited  by  Dr.  Lane  to 
form  with  him  a  new  college  to  be  known  as  Cooper  Medical  College  in 
honor  of  Dr.  Lane's  uncle,  Dr.  Cooper.  Dr.  Lane  had  constructed  with 
his  own  funds  and  without  consultation  with  or  knowledge  of  the  faculty 
the  great  brick  building  now  standing  on  the  northeast  corner  of  Sacra- 
mento and  Webster  streets.  Many  people  have  thought  that  this  build- 
ing was  constructed  with  money  which  Dr.  Lane  had  received  from  his 
uncle's  estate.  But  the  fact  is  that  Dr.  Lane  received  nothing  from  his 
uncle's  estate  except  some  bills  which  were  presented  after  the  estate 
was  closed  and  which  Dr.  Lane  paid.  The  only  money  that  Dr.  Lane  re- 
ceived from  his  family  was  the  sum  of  $80.00  from  his  mother's  estate. 
When  he  had  completed  Cooper  Medical  College,  he  used  these  $80.00 
for  a  pedestal  to  support  the  heart  and  brain  of  Dr.  Cooper,  which  had 
been  preserved  in  an  inner  sanctum  in  the  College  museum. 

Needless  to  say  the  invitation  to  form  a  new  college  was  accepted 
and  Cooper  Medical  College  was  organized  and  incorporated  under  the 
laws  of  California  as  a  "corporation  to  do  business  without  profit."  At 
this  time,  which  was  soon  after  the  adoption  by  the  State  of  California 
of  the  so-called  "New  Constitution,"  there  was  no  provision  of  law  for 
the  incorporation  of  educational  institutions  as  such. 

—  12  — 


Dr.  Henry  Gibbons,  Jr.,  whom  in  those  days  they  called  Harry  Gib- 
bons, was  elected  Dean  of  the  Faculty  and  Treasurer  of  the  Corporation 
— two  positions  which  he  held  until  his  death. 

In  1882  Dr.  Lane  founded  a  course  of  popular  lectures  to  be  given 
in  the  college  auditorium  each  winter  whose  object  was  the  dissemina- 
tion among  the  people  of  medical  knowledge.  To  insure  the  perpetuation 
of  the  course,  which  was  designated  the  Lane  Popular  Lectures,  he  made 
the  giving  of  the  lectures  the  condition  on  which  he  deeded  the  property 
to  the  College. 

The  lectures  were  bitterly  assailed  as  subversive  of  the  dignity  of 
the  medical  profession.  Their  effect  in  removing  the  veil  of  mystery  be- 
hind which  medicine  masqueraded  was  looked  upon  with  extreme  dis- 
favor, but  the  wisdom  of  the  founder  of  the  lectures  is  now  seen  clearly 
enough,  for  the  medical  profession  at  last  acknowledges  that  only  through 
the  dissemination  of  medical  knowledge  can  the  public  be  taught  to  ap- 
preciate the  fact  that  medicine  is  no  longer  a  matter  of  doctrine  or  school, 
of  dogma  or  faith,  but  is  based  on  scientific  observation  of  natural  bio- 
logic phenomena.  Since  then  similar  courses  of  lectures  have  been  in- 
augurated in  other  institutions,  notably  Harvard  University  Medical 
School. 

These  lectures  have  been  given  annually  to  the  present  time  and  the 
authorities  of  Stanford  University  propose  to  continue  them  though  be- 
cause of  confusion  in  title  with  the  Lane  Medical  Lectures,  which  have 
a  separate  financial  foundation,  they  have  thought  best  to  change  the  title 
of  the  course. 

About  this  time  a  determined  effort  (the  second  or  third)  to  bring 
the  two  schools  together  was  made  by  dear  old  Doctor  John  LeConte, 
when  President  of  the  University  of  California.  In  the  goodness  of  his 
heart  he  went  so  far  as  to  have  an  appointment  to  a  professorship  in  the 
Medical  Department  of  the  University  issued  to  each  of  the  members  of 
the  faculty  of  Cooper  College.  The  effort  was  well  meant  but  not  well 
timed,  for  Dr.  Lane  had  just  spent  $150,000  of  his  money  in  construct- 
ing the  College  building,  and  it  was  not  in  him  to  give  up  then.  When  a 
committee  of  the  Medical  Faculty  of  the  University  waited  on  Dr.  Lane 
he  stated  that  he  was  opposed  to  the  proposed  union,  that  in  his  opinion 
there  was  room  for  the  two  schools,  that  the  friendly  rivalry  which  existed 
between  them  was  beneficial  to  both ;  they  could  keep  up  the  standard  of 
medical  education,  but  if  they  united  other  and  inferior  schools  would 
surely  rise  up  to  take  the  place  of  one  of  them.  When  the  matter  was 
brought  up  in  his  faculty  Dr.  Lane  summarily  closed  the  incident  by  say*- 
ing  that  if  anyone  wished  to  accept  the  appointment  he  had  best  do  so  at 
once. 

In  1889  Dr.  Lane  erected  the  easterly  portion  of  the  College  build- 
ing containing  laboratory  rooms  and  a  large  auditorium  known  as  Lane 
Hall. 

In  1893  and  1894  Dr.  Lane  erected  a  hospital  which  he  proposed  to 

—  13  — 


call  in  honor  of  his  wife  The  Pauline  Lane  Hospital  but  Mrs.  Lane 
thought  the  simpler  designation,  Lane  Hospital,  better  and  it  was  there- 
fore adopted. 

The  Hospital  was  formally  opened  January  i,  1895,  by  a  surgical 
operation  performed  by  Dr.  Lane  in  the  hospital  amphitheatre  followed 
by  addresses  by  Dr.  Lane  and  Dr.  Edward  R.  Taylor.  Lane  Hospital  was 
intended  as  a  teaching  hospital  to  furnish  clinical  cases  for  the  instruc- 
tion of  the  students  of  Cooper  College  and  was  deeded  by  Dr.  Lane  to 
the  College  corporation,  together  with  the  land  on  which  it  stands.  Dr. 
Lane's  desires  and  intentions  may  best  be  expressed  by  quoting  the  words 
inscribed  by  him  in  a  marble  tablet  in  the  vestibule  of  the  hospital : 

"This  hospital,  erected  in  the  year  1893  ^y  Levi  Cooper  Lane,  phy- 
sician and  surgeon,  with  money  earned  by  himself  in  his  profession,  is 
given  by  him  to  suffering  humanity  and  to  the  healing  art,  in  the  hope 
that  the  former  may  here  find  refuge  and  relief ;  the  latter,  exercise  of  its 
humane  skill  and  intelligent  sympathy." 

As  was  the  case  in  almost  everything  Dr.  Lane  did,  there  were  those 
who  opposed  the  erecting  of  the  hospital.  Property  holders  in  the  neigh- 
borhood were  fairly  up  in  arms — one  wrote  Dr.  Lane  an  anonymous 
letter  threatening  to  destroy  him  and  his  hospital  by  dynamite. 

In  1895,  soon  after  the  opening  of  the  Lane  Hospital,  Dr.  Lane  an- 
nounced to  the  Board  of  Directors  that  he  had  finally  brought  to  fruition 
a  plan  which  he  had  long  cherished  of  founding  a  course  of  Medical  Lec- 
tures to  be  given  annually  in  the  college  by  eminent  men  in  medicine  and 
the  allied  sciences,  and  that  Professor  William  Macewen  of  Glasgow 
had  accepted  the  invitation  to  inaugurate  the  course  by  a  series  of  lec- 
tures in  the  summer  of  1896  on  the  "Surgery  of  the  Brain."  The  honor- 
arium of  the  lecturer  was  to  be  $2,000  and  ten  lectures  were  to  be  given 
each  year,  these  to  remain  the  property  of  the  lecturer.  In  all,  thirteen 
courses  have  been  given  by  men  pre-eminent  in  their  profession. 

In  inaugurating  this  course  of  lectures.  Dr.  Lane  erected  a  marble 
slab  in  Lane  Hall  describing  the  lectures  and  closing  with  the  words 
"founded  and  endowed  by  Levi  Cooper  Lane."  Unfortunately,  in  the  mat- 
ter of  endowment.  Dr.  Lane's  fortune  was  for  the  most  part  invested  in 
unproductive  real  estate ;  the  money  he  had  in  bank  he  dared  not  deplete, 
for  his  health  began  rapidly  to  fail  and  his  earning  power  in  his  profes- 
sion to  dwindle,  and  he  and  Mrs.  Lane  needed  the  income  of  this  fund 
to  live  upon.  He  therefore  postponed  setting  aside  a  definite  sum  for  the 
endowment  of  the  lectures  but  paid  the  honorarium  annually  out  of  his 
•pocket.  But  after  his  death  and  that  of  Mrs.  Lane,  the  College  had  no 
funds  which  might  be  used  for  this  honorarium.  It  was  paid  one  year 
by  Mrs.  Lane  and  the  three  following  years  by  the  President  of  the  Col- 
lege, who  had  received  two-thirds  of  Mrs.  Lane's  estate.  On  his  refusing 
to  continue  this  payment  or  to  make  effectual  the  endowment  of  the 
lectures,  the  course  ceased.  When,  however,  Cooper  College  was  con- 
veyed to  Stanford  University,  the  Trustees  granted  the  Directors  of  the 

—  14  — 


College  the  privilege  of  determining  to  what  purposes  the  reserve  funds 
of  the  College  should  be  put.  Until  the  union  with  Stanford  University 
had  been  effected  these  reserve  funds  had  been  jealously  guarded  as  fur- 
nishing an  income  to  offset  the  annual  deficit  incurred  in  the  running  of 
the  College,  but  under  the  University  support  the  funds  were  not  needed 
for  this  purpose.  The  Directors  of  Cooper  College  therefore  made  a 
number  of  much  needed  improvements  in  Lane  Hospital  and  set  aside 
$25,000  for  the  endowment  of  the  Lane  Medical  Lectures,  which  would 
give  an  income  sufficient  to  furnish  the  honorarium  for  a  course  of  lec- 
tures each  second  year.  The  Trustees  accepted  the  fund  for  this  purpose 
and  have  arranged  for  a  course  of  lectures  for  1913. 

The  development  of  the  curriculum  of  Cooper  College  is  typical 
of  the  development  of  the  curriculum  in  most  of  the  better  schools  of 
medicine  in  this  country.  In  the  old  Medical  College  of  the  Pacific  the 
course  of  lectures  was  given  during  six  months,  from  June  to  November 
— lectures  for  the  most  part  repeated  each  year,  and  the  student  sat 
dutifully  on  the  benches  and  gravely  listened  to  the  same  lectures  he  had 
heard  the  year  before.  The  lectures  were  supplemented,  however,  by 
quizzes,  often  given  in  the  evening,  and  the  course  in  practical  anatomy 
was  comparatively  thorough  and  the  students  saw  much  practical  work 
in  the  offices  of  Dr.  Cooper  and  Dr.  Lane.  In  1879  the  course  was  length- 
ened to  three  years  and  in  1896  to  four — on  a  high  school  graduation  or 
equivalent  examination  as  a  requirement. 

For  a  number  of  years  beginning  in  1878  an  optional  course  of  three 
months'  duration  was  given  in  the  spring  of  eight  to  ten  lectures  a  week 
on  special  subjects  and  in  1888  this  course  was  made  compulsory  for  the 
last  year  of  the  curriculum.  Most  of  the  students  took  this  optional 
course  or  short  term  and  made  good  use  of  the  dissecting  room. 

As  said  above,  the  greatest  single  step  forward  looking  towards 
modern  methods  of  teaching  occurred  in  1898  with  the  election  of  a  paid 
Professor  of  Pathology,  and  I  may  add  that  the  chief  credit  for  this  de- 
parture rested  with  Drs.  Barkan  and  Hirschfelder.  Another  event  of 
scarcely  less  importance  was  the  putting  of  the  teaching  of  Physiology 
on  an  academic  basis,  for  which  Cooper  College  was  grateful  to  Professor 
O.  P.  Jenkins  of  Stanford  University  who,  in  1896  and  for  several  years 
thereafter,  came  from  Palo  Alto  twice  a  week,  giving  a  lecture  and  reci- 
tation course  and  receiving  no  compensation  beyond  his  traveling  ex- 
penses. On  his  own  initiative  he  established  a  laboratory  of  Physiology 
in  Cooper  College  in  which  he  had  the  assistance  of  R.  L.  Wilbur,  a  for- 
mer pupil  (now  Executive  Head  of  the  Medical  Department  of  Stanford 
University)  who  at  the  time  was  a  student  in  Cooper  College.  The  fac- 
ulty gave  $1500  for  equipment.  The  laboratory  course  was  at  first  op- 
tional but  as  practically  all  the  students  took  it  the  course  was  soon  made 
compulsory.  In  1900  Dr.  W.  E.  Carrey  was  elected  Professor  of  Physi- 
ology and  gave  his  entire  time  to  his  teaching. 

While    these    events    marked    a    new    era    in    the    method    and 

—  15  — 


quality  of  the  teaching^,  there  was  a  reverse  side  to  the  pic- 
ture. Previously  to  this  time  the  expense  of  conducting  the 
College  was  small,  and  a  considerable  accumulation  of  profits  resulted 
from  the  students'  tuition  fees — but  to  the  credit  of  the  teaching  staff  be 
it  said  that  not  one  dividend  of  profit  was  ever  distributed  to  the  faculty. 
In  fact,  with  the  exception  of  the  nominal  fees  permitted  the  demonstra- 
tors of  anatomy,  the  lecturers  and  teachers  gave  their  services  without 
monetary  compensation.  The  nearest  approach  to  a  dividend  occurred 
when  one  of  the  faculty  who  had  labored  for  years  for  the  institution 
and  who  had  a  very  small  income  because  of  large  demands  on  his  time 
being  made  by  the  fact  that  besides  being  a  physician  he  was  a  clergy- 
man, was  stricken  with  a  prolonged  illness  which  proved  his  last  the  fac- 
ulty voted  him  a  gift  of  $500.  The  accumulation  to  the  amount  of  $35,- 
000  went  to  equip  Lane  Hospital,  as  said  above ;  and  other  payments  had 
to  be  made  to  the  Hospital  for  several  years,  its  income  from  patients 
being  less  than  its  expenses.  All  the  remaining  accumulation,  and  later 
all  the  profits  of  the  Lane  Hospital,  were  expended  in  making  improve- 
ments in  the  plant  and  for  the  hospital  maintenance  of  an  occasional 
needy  patient.  Without  endowment.  Lane  Hospital  made  no  pretense  to 
being  a  charitable  institution  and  yet  did  a  great  deal  of  charitable  work. 

Under  the  new  order  of  things  salaries  had  to  be  paid  to  the  Physi- 
ologist, the  Anatomist,  the  Chemist,  in  fact,  to  all  who  occupied  the  so- 
called  non-practical  chairs  and  each  had  to  have  one  or  more  paid  assis- 
tants. Then  each  of  these  departments  had  its  laboratory  and  the 
laboratory  expenses  had  to  be  met.  The  students'  fees  could  not  be  in- 
creased beyond  $150  (they  had  previously  been  $100)  per  year — the  in- 
creased requirements  lessened  the  number  of  students  so  that  for  the 
first  time  in  1900  the  expenses  of  the  college  were  greater  than  its  income 
from  students.  This  annual  deficit  was  afterwards  met,  as  said  above, 
by  interest  on  the  modest  amount  of  invested  funds. 

Dr.  Lane,  with  his  faculty  having  built  up  the  school,  given  the  col- 
lege its  buildings  and  Lane  Hospital  and  the  four  fifty  varas  of  land, 
free  of  debt,  could  not  see  why  the  younger  men  to  whom  he  was  about 
to  turn  over  the  institution  could  not  go  on  and  develop  it.  As  a  stim- 
ulus to  the  younger  men.  Dr.  Lane  had  inserted  into  the  deeds  clauses 
which  forfeited  the  property  to  the  State  in  case  the  future  authorities  of 
the  College  should  at  any  time  unite  Cooper  College  with  any  other  insti- 
tution. But  Dr.  Lane  finally  realized  that  times  had  changed,  that  the 
cost  of  medical  education  had  enormously  increased,  that  loyalty  and  de- 
votion were  no  longer  sufficient,  that  from  henceforth  great  monetary  en- 
dowment was  necessary  to  the  very  life  of  the  school,  that  the  student 
could  no  longer  be  expected  to  pay  more  than  a  fraction  of  the  cost  of 
his  training.  With  this  realization  Dr.  Lane  almost  on  his  deathbed  had 
all  the  College  real  property  conveyed  to  him  by  deed  and  the  deed  re- 
corded, whereupon  he  redeeded  it  to  the  corporation  without  condition. 
To  those  who  knew  Dr.  Lane  and  his  character  this  realization  and  this 

—  16  — 


act  in  his  old  age  betokened  the  greatness  that  was  in  him. 
The  Directors  of  Cooper  College,  believing  that  it  is  right  for 
the  Medical  school  to  be  a  part  of  a  greater  educational  in- 
stitution, as  is  the  case  in  all  European  universities,  realizing 
that  sooner  or  later  Stanford  as  well  as  the  University  of  California 
would  have  a  Medical  department,  and  being  unwilling  to  have  Cooper 
College  forced  by  university  competition  into  the  position  of  a  minimum 
requirement  school  when  it  had  always  during  the  forty  years  of  its  ex- 
istence maintained  its  position  as  a  maximum  requirement  school,  cheer- 
fully, though  with  many  heartaches  for  the  institution  they  loved,  con- 
veyed all  the  physical  properties  to  the  Trustees  of  Stanford  University, 
on  the  sole  condition  that  the  property  be  used  for  purposes  of  Medical 
education  in  the  sense  of  teaching  young  men  and  young  women  to  be 
practitioners  of  medicine  and  that  the  name  of  Dr.  Lane  be  suitably  com- 
memorated— for  these  properties  represented  for  the  most  part  the  earn- 
ings of  Dr.  Lane  in  his  profession. 

The  Trustees  interpreted  this  commemoration  of  the  name  of  Dr. 
Lane  in  a  most  touching  way — they  provided  in  their  resolution  of  ac- 
ceptance of  the  property  that  each  diploma  of  graduation  from  the  Med- 
ical Department  of  Leland  Stanford  Junior  University  shtjuld  bear  the 
words,  "Founded  as  Cooper  Medical  College,  by  Dr.  Levi  Cooper  Lane." 
This,  with  the  Library,  is  Dr.  Lane's  monument — more  enduring  than 
brick  or  stone. 

THE  DUTY    OF    STANFORD 

President  Hopkins  in  introducing  President  Jordan  said: 

The  stimulus  of  scientific  methods  has  vivified  the  study  and  intensi- 
fied the  practice  of  medicine.  Science,  in  broadening  the  field  of  knowl- 
edge and  increasing  the  certainty  of  diagnosis  and  treatment,  has  by  its 
very  impetus  carried  with  it  thoroughness  of  preparation.  The  pro- 
fessor of  Medicine  must  be  an  investigator  as  well  as  a  teacher,  and  as 
the  education  of  a  man  of  open  mind  is  never  ended,  the  earnest  student 
retains  as  a  physician  the  investigating  instinct. 

The  spur  of  his  student  days,  to  study  and  observe,  has  only  been 
changed  to  observe  and  study  in  his  maturity;  for,  as  Pasteur  remarks, 
"In  the  fields  of  observation  chance  favors  only  the  mind  which  is  pre- 
pared." While  Pasteur  was  proclaiming  the  value  of  preparation  for 
the  work  of  research,  it  is  just  as  surely  the  foundation  of  the  rewards 
of  industry  and  ambition  in  the  every  day  practice  of  medicine. 

This  is  but  meeting  the  requirements  of  our  day,  for  the  imperative 
call  is  not — Flexner  states — for  a  greater  number  of  physicians,  but  for 
a  smaller  number  of  better  trained  ones. 

Here  is  the  province  of  the  university ;  it  must  start  the  student 
along  the  right  lines,  instill  into  him  high  ideals,  teach  him  to  think  and 
to  know,  and  thus  prepare  him  for  the  years  of  ripening  experience,  for 
experience  only  makes  experts. 

—  17  — 


Stanford  University  has  heard  the  call,  and  is  earnestly  striving  to 
meet  these  demands  by  raising  and  maintaining  the  standards  of  medical 
education.  Quality  is  its  motto,  and  in  the  belief  that  it  is  benefiting  hu- 
manity, it  gladly  contributes  its  efforts  and  its  means  to  the  end  and  in 
the  hope  that  its  graduates  may  be  distinguished  by  this  attribute. 

In  order  to  do  the  best  today  one  should  know  the  best  that  was  done 
yesterday.  A  French  author,  under  the  spell  of  the  subtle  pleasure  of 
reading  works  of  the  past,  has  designated  books  as  "the  monuments  of 
vanished  minds" ;  it  would  not  be  unfitting  to  characterize  the  records  of 
the  sciences  as  milestones  along  the  road  to  progress,  whose  guidance  we 
need  lest  we  stray  from  the  path  of  ultimate  achievement. 

In  none  of  the  sciences  is  this  guidance  more  needed  than  in  med- 
icine, and  as  herein  lies  the  function  of  the  library,  we  value  it  as  a 
potent  influence  in  medical  teaching  and  study,  recognize  its  absolute 
necessity  in  research,  and  its  helpfulness  to  the  practicing  physician. 

Stanford  University  has  accepted  the  Lane  Library  trust  with  a  full 
appreciation  of  its  significance  both  to  medical  education  and  to  the 
profession.  Its  importance  has  justified  the  University  in  liberally  ap- 
propriating means  for  book  purchase  and  for  maintenance.  Pending 
liquidation  of  library  assets  it  has  likewise  advanced  the  funds  to  con- 
struct this  building,  so  that  there  might  be  no  delays  in  its  benefits. 

California  enjoys  a  splendid  geographical  isolation,  which  is  not 
without  its  advantages  considering  the  opportunity  it  offers  of  engen- 
dering a  community  of  interest — the  binding  together  of  the  efforts  of 
each  for  the  benefit  of  all — and  an  abiding  pride  in  the  results  of  these 
reciprocal  eflforts.  This  isolation,  however,  leaves  a  special  professional 
library  here  peculiarly  dependent  on  its  own  resources,  with  no  associate 
or  ally  near  to  aid  it,  and  enforces  special  efforts  for  its  support  and  de- 
velopment. 

Since  the  needs  of  the  medical  student  are  only  a  part  of  the  wider 
field  of  the  usefulness  of  the  library,  the  Trustees  of  Lane  have  put  into 
effect  the  policy  of  strengthening  the  library  along  the  lines  of  the  great- 
est possible  benefit  to  the  practicing  physician  and  the  investigator. 

They  believe  that  the  developing  of  this  type  of  a  great  library  will 
have  an  invigorating  and  enduring  influence  upon  both  research  and  the 
profession,  and  that  in  pursuing  this  policy  they  are  but  fulfilling  the 
desire  of  the  donors  and  building  upon  the  foundation  so  wisely  laid  by 
the  Directors  of  Cooper  Medical  College,  our  predecessors  in  the  trust. 

The  University  has  no  false  pride  in  the  possession  of  the  largest 
medical  library  of  any  college  in  the  Americas,  but  is  proud  in  having 
been  instrumental  in  making  the  dream  of  years  a  reality,  and  takes  deep 
satisfaction  in  placing  at  the  service  of  the  medical  profession  a  library 
constantly  increasing  in  value  and  in  a  setting  befitting  its  importance. 

In  October,  1891,  the  doors  of  Stanford  were  opened  to  its  students, 
and  it  is  a  happy  coincidence  that  the  coming  of  age  of  the  University 

—  18  — 


should  be  commemorated  by  the  opening  of  the  doors  of  this  library  and 
by  her  taking  an  active  part  in  medical  education. 

During  the  past  twenty-one  years  we  have  been  fortunate  in  having 
had  but  one  President,  and  we  have  likewise  been  fortunate  that  David 
Starr  Jordan  has  been  our  President  during  the  formative  period  of  our 
University.  Educationally  catholic  and  progressive,  no  one  is  better 
qualified  than  Dr.  Jordan  to  speak  upon  the  timely  topic  of  "The  Relation 
of  the  University  to  Medicine,"  which  is  the  subject  he  has  chosen  to 
present  to  us  today. 

THE  RELATION  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY  TO  MEDICINE 

President  Jordan  said : 

We  have  met  today  to  mark  a  milestone  in  the  history  of  Stanford 
University  on  the  one  hand,  and  in  the  history  of  medical  education  on 
the  other.  It  is  a  milestone  that  we  mark,  not  an  epoch,  for  epoch  mak- 
ing events  do  not  often  appear  more  than  once  in  a  life  time.  But  a 
milestone  marks  progress,  even  though  after  it  is  set  up  all  shall  go  on  as 
before. 

Stanford  University  is  now  twenty-one  years  old.  Its  days  were 
opened  on  a  hopeful  morning  of  October  in  California,  where  all  days 
are  hopeful,  just  twenty-one  years  ago.  It  has  come  of  age.  It  is  old 
enough  to  be  doing  the  work  of  a  grown  university. 

And  there  is  no  work  of  the  University  more  worthy  or  more  needed 
than  medical  instruction  and  medical  research,  the  training  of  men  who 
shall  help  their  fellows  in  all  their  bodily  ills,  on  the  basis  of  the  best  and 
fullest  knowledge,  while  themselves  adding  day  by  day  to  the  world's 
stock  of  wisdom.  In  these  days  medical  research  stands  on  the  firing 
line  of  the  advance  of  science.  There  is  no  branch  of  knowledge  which 
is  moving  more  rapidly  and  there  is  none  which  contributes  equally  to 
[he  aggregate  of  human  welfare. 

We  dedicate  today  the  home  of  the  Lane  Medical  Library  of  Stan- 
ford University  to  medical  practice  and  medical  research.  It  is  the  gift 
of  the  will  of  Mrs.  Levi  Cooper  Lane.  It  begins  its  existence  with  a 
handsome  building,  adequate  for  its  needs  for  years  to  come.  When  it 
must  be  extended  we  hope  that  the  grateful  people  of  San  Francisco  will 
be  here  to  see  that  all  its  needs  are  met. 

It  has  already  on  this  initial  day  a  library  of  nearly  forty  thousand 
volumes,  all  relating  to  medical  practice  and  medical  research,  a  good 
number  of  books  as  you  will  see  when  you  compare  it  with  other  libraries 
devoted  elsewhere  to  the  same  subject. 

The  importance  to  San  Francisco  of  such  a  collection  of  medical 
books  kept  up-to-date  by  a  steady  inflow  of  the  best  journals  and  mono- 
graphs is  obvious.  The  library  is  the  natural  center  for  creative  eflfort 
and  hence  for  all  research,  since  there  is  no  loss  of  energy  so  needless  as 
is  the  doing  again  that  which  has  been  well  done  before.  All  new  work 
must  be  based  upon  knowledge  that  has  gone  before.    The  breath  of  life 

—  19—. 


of  all  research  is  the  joy  of  seeking  for  the  unknown.  Chance  discoveries 
of  great  moment  in  medicine  are  no  longer  to  be  made  at  random.  Piece 
by  piece  must  new  truths  be  found  and  correlated.  Each  investigator 
must  rest  his  work  upon  that  of  others.  He  must  stand  on  the  shoulders 
of  the  past  if  he  is  to  look  into  the  future.  To  know  what  has  gone  be- 
fore is  only  possible  where  accumulated  records  are  at  hand.  In  the 
lyibrary  which  we  dedicate  today  is  massed  the  product  of  thousands  of 
minds,  some  great  and  far-seeing,  some  small  but  earnest,  but  all  seeking 
after  truth.  The  great  function  of  such  a  library  as  this  is  to  accumulate 
and  classify  and  make  ready  of  access  the  knowledge  that  the  world  has 
already  gained  and  to  keep  abreast  with  the  steady  current  of  advancing 
medical  science,  choosing  from  it  all  that  seems  likely  to  be  worth  while. 
Such  a  function  is  a  difficult  and  responsible  one  and  one  that  will  be 
performed  in  fuller  and  fuller  measure  by  this  library  as  it  meets  more 
and  more  with  the  support  of  the  great  state  in  which  it  is  located.  In- 
deed its  interest  should  extend  far  beyond  the  confines  of  any  one  city  or 
state  for  no  such  collection  of  medical  books  is  to  be  found  elsewhere  on 
this  continent  west  of  the  Mississippi  nor  along  the  shores  of  our  great 
ocean  so  soon  to  be  expanded  by  the  Panama  Canal,  itself  a  product  of 
human  skill  that  has  been  made  possible  by  the  advance  of  the  science  of 
medicine. 

The  Stanford  Medical  Department  with  its  Medical  Building,  in- 
cluding Lane  Hall,  its  Lane  Hospital  and  its  Lane  Library,  are,  as  you 
have  already  heard  from  my  colleague,  Dr.  Rixford,  the  gift  of  the  em- 
inent surgeon,  Levi  Cooper  Lane,  and  of  the  Faculty  of  Cooper  Medical 
College.  Dr.  Lane  first  established  the  Cooper  Medical  College,  named 
by. him  for  his  uncle.  Dr.  Elias  Cooper.  But  as  the  future  of  medical  in- 
struction must  lie  with  the  universities,  and  as  sound  medical  instruction 
must  rest  on  university  courses  in  physiology,  chemistry,  biology  and 
physics,  Dr.  Lane  made  arrangements  whereby  the  Board  of  Directors  of 
Cooper  Medical  College  were  able  to  deed  this  property  to  Stanford  Uni- 
versity on  the  sole  condition  that  the  University  should  use  the  gift  of 
money  and  buildings  for  medical  instruction.  The  corporation  of  the 
Cooper  Medical  College  has  dissolved  itself,  patriotically  turning  over  its 
good  will  and  all  its  properties,  hopes  and  achievements  to  the  larger  in- 
stitution, and  Stanford  University  has  loyally  accepted  the  trust  and  is 
doing  the  best  work  it  knows  how  to  do  in  the  line  of  the  acceptance  of 
these  pledges. 

The  function  of  the  privately  endowed  university,  as  the  authorities 
of  Stanford  understand  it,  is  to  set  standards  in  education  and  to  uphold 
these  standards.  It  must  set  standards  in  service  to  society  as  well  as 
within  its  own  classrooms. 

In  whatever  way  a  school  of  medicine  can  help  the  people  it  is  its 
duty  to  render  aid.  The  hospital  is  the  laboratory  of  clinical  medicine. 
This  has  become  an  axiom  in  modern  medical  instruction.  But  a  further 
duty  is  incumbent  on  the  university  hospital  of  today.     It  should  be  so 

—  20  — 


conducted  and  controlled  as  to  serve  as  a  model  for  all  that  is  essential 
and  worthy  in  the  institutional  care  of  the  sick.  Only  in  such  a  hospital, 
with  its  numerous  internes  and  assistants  and  its  trained  staff,  can  satis- 
factory control  be  made  of  new  methods  of  treatment  and  such  treat- 
ments standardized  for  the  use  of  others.  The  elevation  of  nursing 
standards,  the  thoroughness  of  case  study  and  care  that  inevitably  follow 
the  well-trained  student  into  the  hospital  and  ward  are  the  great  boon  of 
a  university  hospital.  All  this  involves  an  effort  at  the  best  in  research, 
in  training,  and  in  character  building. 

The  funds  of  a  private  institution  are  limited.  It  can  call  on  no 
legislature  for  help  if  it  has  undertaken  more  than  it  can  carry  out.  It 
must  be  sufficient  unto  itself.  This  means  limitation.  It  can  never  cover 
the  whole  range  of  knowledge,  nor  the  whole  range  of  practical  achieve- 
ment. It  cannot  make  its  campus  co-extensive  with  the  state.  It  cannot 
provide  for  multitudes  of  students,  unless,  dependent  on  fees,  it  makes 
these  fees  so  high  as  to  be  prohibitive  to  self-helping  men  and  women. 
To  this  class  belongs  the  vast  majority  of  the  students  we  in  the  West 
find  worth  while. 

But  the  private  institution  has  its  own  advantages.  It  has  freedom 
of  development.  It  is  dependent  on  no  outside  influence  for  its  direction. 
It  can  undertake  what  it  deems  best  worth  doing.  It  can  insist  on  the 
highest  standards.  It  is  above  all  temptation  to  grant  university  titles  or 
degrees  to  the  products  of  four  years  of  frivolity,  dissipation  and  sham. 
Above  all,  it  has  the  privilege  as  well  as  the  duty  of  making  its  profes- 
sional courses  of  such  a  character  that  it  can  be  sure  that  every  graduate 
is  really  a  university  man.  It  is  not  claimed  that  the  private  university 
has  any  monopoly  of  high  standards  or  of  efficient  practice.  It  claims 
only  that  no  other  type  of  institution  has  the  right  to  loftier  ideals.  In 
proportion  as  it  is  true  to  its  opportunity  its  aims  should  be  the  highest 
within  its  range  of  possibilities. 

No  institution  can  do  better  than  its  best.  If  it  falls  short  of  this, 
it  has  no  adequate  reason  for  being.  And  Stanford  University  means  to 
justify  herself.  She  is  pledged  to  justify  herself  in  the  direction  of  med- 
ical instruction.  And  after  all,  in  the  multiplicity  of  medical  schools  in- 
struction in  medicine  is  nowhere  overdone.  The  profession  of  physician 
is  overcrowded  because  its  men  are  undertrained.  It  is  a  very  true  ex- 
pression that  there  is  always  "room  at  the  top."  In  medicine  as  else- 
where in  life  the  crowd  is  around  the  bottom  of  the  ladder. 

A  young  medical  student  in  New  York,  it  is  said,  committed  suicide 
not  long  ago,  leaving  behind  him  this  word :  "I  die  because  there  is  room 
for  no  more  doctors."  Room  for  no  more  doctors  just  now  when  in  the 
history  of  the  world  it  is  most  worth  while  to  be  a  doctor!  Now,  when 
the  progress  of  the  sciences  and  arts  which  deal  with  sickness  and  health 
have  given  the  intelligent  and  honest  doctor  a  power  no  one  else  has  ever 
had  before  over  the  forces  of  sin  and  death ! 

Another  medical  student  was  asked  how  he  dared  return  to  take  so 

—  21  — 


much  time  to  prepare  for  a  profession  already  so  overcrowded.  "I  pro- 
pose to  practice  medicine,"  he  said,  "those  in  the  crowd  must  look  out 
for  themselves." 

Frederick  Denison  Maurice  once  said :  "Make  your  system  of  edu- 
cation such  that  a  great  man  may  be  formed  by  it,  and  there  will  be  man- 
hood in  your  little  men  of  which  you  do  not  dream." 

And  to  such  a  system  of  instruction  in  medicine,  a  system  which 
may  form  great  men  if  great  men  come  within  its  reach,  this  beautiful 
Library  is  dedicated.  And  all  resources  of  Stanford  University  stand 
pledged  to  make  its  purpose  good. 

I  said  just  now  that  medical  research  is  now  on  the  firing  line  of  the 
advance  of  science.  It  has  left  behind  it  as  outworn  garments  all  med- 
ical theories,  and  all  schools  of  medicine.  The  medical  advance  is  the 
work  of  no  school,  the  offspring  of  no  preconceived  theory. 

One  of  my  early  students,  on  graduating  in  medicine,  was  asked  to 
what  school  he  belonged.  His  answer  was,  "I  have  nothing  to  do  with 
schools.  I  am  trying  to  practice  medicine."  Just  as  soon  as  men  se- 
riously try  to  practice  medicine,  schools  of  medicine  cease  to  exist.  These 
belong  to  the  metaphysics  of  the  dark  ages,  when  men,  in  default  of 
science,  tried  to  practice  philosophy. 

At  the  most,  or  at  the  best,  a  school  indicates  merely  a  preference  for 
one  mode  of  therapeutics  over  another,  or  over  all  others,  a  matter  of 
very  minor  importance  as  compared  with  knowing  the  nature  of  the  ail- 
ment in  question  and  of  the  causes  which  brought  it  about.  Accuracy  of 
scientific  knowledge  is  fatal  to  the  prearranged  theory  of  treatment  of 
disease,  the  basis  of  any  school  of  theoretical  medicine.  Accuracy  of 
knowledge  goes  beyond  symptoms  or  surface  indications.  It  is  with 
symptoms  and  symptoms  only,  in  default  of  knowledge  that  varying 
schools  of  medical  therapeutics  become  possible.  When  we  know  the 
actual  conditions  which  give  rise  to  symptoms,  all  methods  must  rest  on 
these  conditions. 

All  art  is  based  on  science.  Science  is  human  experience  tested  and 
set  in  order.  Art  is  knowledge  in  action.  An  art  which  is  not  based  on 
knowledge  becomes  a  mystery  or  a  trade.  The  practice  of  medicine 
through  the  ages  has  been  one  or  the  other  or  both.  It  is  a  trade  when 
the  physician  apprentice  follows  his  master  about,  learns  his  ways,  his 
prescriptions  and  his  professional  dignity.  It  is  a  mystery,  when  practice 
is  based  on  some  theory  of  therapeutics  which  goes  outside  of  human  ex- 
perience for  its  justification. 

Science  is  alike  to  all  men  who  have  grasped  its  data  and  its  con- 
clusions. Art  will  vary  with  the  personality  of  the  individuals  who  prac- 
tice it.  Sound  medicine  must  rest  on  science.  Whoever  treats  the  ills 
of  the  human  body  successfully  must  know  this  body  in  health  and  in 
disease.  He  must  know  the  range  of  its  disorders,  its  abuses,  its  disloca- 
tions and  its  parasites.  Those  who  try  to  heal  without  knowledge  of  the 
actual  conditions  with  which  they  deal  are  of  necessity  imposters. 

—  22  — 


*  The  limit  of  "medical  freedom"  is  a  very  plain  and  natural  one. 
Let  the  patient  take  whatever  kind  of  treatment  he  may  wish,  but  let  no 
treatment  be  administered  by  persons  who  have  no  knowledge  of  the 
fundamental  facts  of  medical  science.  If  the  requirement  of  technical 
knowledge  is  fatal  to  any  school  of  therapeutics,  it  is  time  that  that  par- 
ticular form  of  robbery  should  be  done  away  with.  Taking  chances  with 
the  lives  of  others  for  the  money  there  is  in  it  is  not  a  profession  to  be 
encouraged. 

The  basis  of  the  varying  schools  of  medicine  lies  not  in  science  but 
in  the  varying  theories  of  symptoms.  In  the  old  days,  when  micro- 
organisms were  unknown,  when  physiology  was  elemental  and  pharma- 
cology itself  a  form  of  metaphysics,  it  is  not  strange  that  symptoms  en- 
grossed the  attention  of  the  practitioner  and  that  there  grew  up  widely 
differing  theories  in  regard  to  their  treatment. 

It  was  natural  in  those  days,  that  men  should  face  symptoms  with 
remedies  calculated  to  remove  or  obscure  them.  This  method,  contempt- 
uously designated  as  allopathy,  "unlike  treatment,''  as  the  drug  and 
symptom  were  unlike,  had  in  it  the  germ  of  better  things,  because  it  gave 
play  for  experiment  and  was  not  bound  hand  and  foot  by  any  predeter- 
mined notion.  It  was  a  step  forward  from  the  idea  of  the  dark  ages, 
that  each  disease  had  some  definite  predestined  remedy,  that  for  each 
ailment,  that  is  a  special  group  of  svmptoms,  there  was  somewhere,  some- 
how, some  cure  mysteriously  provided  in  nature  if  we  could  only  find  it 
out. 

As  the  plant  world  lies  all  about  us,  as  most  plants  secrete  or  pro- 
duce something  with  a  definite  odor  or  taste,  balms,  resins,  aromatic  oils, 
bitter  alkaloids,  strange  substances  useless  for  any  purpose  unless  it  be 
that  of  medication,  it  was  natural  that  men  should  turn  their  attention  to 
these  substances.  Some  of  these  products  or  simples  showed  strange 
effectiveness.  Others  did  no  harm  and  were  therefore  suspected  of  doing 
good.  Quinine  was  thought  to  cure  malaria  by  setting  up  a  feverish 
condition  like  that  arising  from  malaria  itself.  Digitalis  controlled  the 
action  of  the  heart.  Mandrake,  senna,  rhubarb,  kept  the  bowels  open. 
The  pink  was  death  to  worms.  Yerba  buena,  yerba  santa,  sage  tea,  cat- 
nip tea,  tansy  tea,  sassafras  tea,  as  well  as  tar,  molasses  and  sulphur  were 
"good  for  the  blood,"  especially  in  the  spring,  and  the  tonic  effect  of 
almost  any  bitter  bark  dissolved  in  alcohol  was  highly  appreciated. 

Out  of  this  notion  that  a  specific  disease  had  a  specific  cure,  natur- 
ally arose  the  form  of  quackery  involved  in  the  patent  medicine.  Its  prac- 
tical value  lay  in  the  elimination  of  the  doctor,  or  rather  in  postponing 
his  arrival  until  near  the  end.  It  is  very  simple,  by  reading  an  adver- 
tisement in  an  easy-going  newspaper,  or  by  the  perusal  of  an  almanac, 
to  pick  out  your  own  disease  from  the  list  of  symptoms  graphically  set 
forth.  Almost  everyone  has  felt  headaches,  twinges,  blurrings,  ringings, 
smartings,  achings,  givings  and  misgivings,  and  these  will  indicate  the 
necessary  drug.     If  this  drug  be  essentially  whisky     and     water     made 

—  23  — 


sweet  or  bitter  by  some  easy  stain,  or  if  some  more  virulent  or  effective 
poison  is  used,  there  is  likely  to  be  enough  of  apparent  satisfaction  or  of 
change  in  symptoms  to  justify  a  written  testimonial  and  another  bottle 
of  the  drug.  Or  if  the  basal  constituent  of  the  medicine  be  merely  water, 
the  effect  of  hope  with  the  lack  of  visible  harm  is  likely  to  lead  to  the 
same  results.  In  either  case,  the  self-medication  is  likely  to  produce  no 
effect  or  an  effect  worse  than  nothing. 

While  much  that  is  now  sold  in  the  drug  stores  represents  merely  a 
harmless  or  sometimes  useful  physician's  prescription,  the  aggregate  re- 
sult of  the  patent  medicine  is  the  building  up  of  gigantic  systems  of  rob- 
bery on  the  one  hand  and  a  corresponding  damage  to  public  health  on 
the  other. 

The  way  out  of  the  patent  medicine  domination  lies  in  the  better 
training  of  physicians  on  the  one  hand  and  the  enlightenment  of  public 
opinion  on  the  other.  No  more  effective  agency  exists  for  the  forming  of 
public  opinion  than  an  aggressive  administration  of  the  bureau  at  Wash- 
ington which  deals  with  pure  food  and  pure  drugs.  No  single  agency  in 
this  direction  has  counted  for  so  much  as  the  personal  work  of  one  man, 
who  has  spent  his  life  in  fighting  frauds  and  poisons.  But  we  must  have 
a  hundred  Wileys  in  the  public  service  where  now  we  have  not  one. 

Among  the  host  of  specifics,  men  naturally  sought  for  some  guiding 
rule,  some  informing  spirit  that  would  tell  them  beforehand  and  once  for 
all  how  to  match  these  diseases  with  the  predestined  healing  agent. 
Sometimes  this  was  found  in  the  looks  of  the  plant.  Its  flowers  or  leaves 
or  roots  somehow  simulated  the  disease  it  was  bound  to  cure.  Thus  the 
figwort  was  denominated  scrophularia,  apparently  for  its  scrofulous  ap- 
pearance. The  liver-shaped  leaves  of  hepatica,  the  liverwort,  showed 
clearly  what  was  expected  of  it.  And  in  the  ignorance  of  what  was  really 
the  matter  and  of  what  really  happened  after  a  remedy  was  absorbed, 
there  were  as  many  successes  as  failures,  and  the  dark  mysteries  of  the 
profession  prevented  any  following  up  of  either. 

A  more  scientific  application  of  the  method  of  resemblances  lay  in 
the  study  of  the  effects  produced  by  a  drug  in  relation  to  the  symptoms 
of  the  malady  it  was  to  cure.  Like  symptoms,  like  effects.  Like  cures 
like.  If  your  patient  is  troubled  with  colic,  give  him  a  colic-producing 
drug;  if  with  eczema  give  him  something  to  make  the  skin  smart.  The 
same  principle  would  hold  for  all  diseases. 

But  with  this  went  the  saving  clause  of  homeopathy,  or  like  treat- 
ment— Don't  give  much  and  give  good  nursing.  As  time,  patience  and 
good  nursing  are  the  best  of  drugs,  this  method  has  had  a  large  vogue 
as  well  as  a  large  effectiveness.  If  it  is  based  on  a  sound  study  of  the 
human  body,  its  defects,  its  slips  and  its  parasites,  this  method  must 
merge  into  the  real  practice  of  medicine.  For,  knowing  the  distemper, 
its  causes  and  its  range,  the  method  of  treatment  is  a  minor  matter. 

The  idea  that  a  disease  has  a  definite  drug  as  its  remedy,  whether  in 
large  quantities  or  small,  is  a  relic  of  the  middle  ages.     Drugs  do  not 

—  24  — 


heal  anything.  Some  are  palUative,  resting  in  the  category  of  vaseline, 
cold  cream  or  talcum  powder,  some  kill  parasites  directly  as  quinine  kills 
the  animal  organisms  known  as  malaria.  Sulphur  is  death  to  the  itch, 
the  visible  cause  of  the  distemper  once  thought  almost  incurable,  and 
known  as  the  "gall  struck  inwards."  Others  do  evil  as  stimulants  or 
counter  irritants,  that  good  may  come,  helping  on  the  one  hand  through 
the  incidental  damage  on  the  other. 

But  the  metaphysical  relation  of  drug  to  symptom  has  no  existence 
and  has  passed  out  of  medical  practice  never  to  return. 

With  doubts  of  the  efficiency  of  drugs  as  remedies  came  theories  of 
therapeutics  by  which  all  drugs  were  discarded.  Orthopathy  in  its  day 
rejected  them  all,  relying  on  the  well-known  disposition  of  nature  to  heal 
her  wounds  whenever  she  is  let  alone.  Hydropathy  set  people  to  sweat- 
ing under  close  envelopes  of  wet  sheets,  often,  it  is  true,  to  their  great 
advantage.  I  can  remember  when  the  Wet  Sheet  Packing  and  the  Over 
Soul  were  the  test  and  signal  of  a  progressive  nature,  much  as  today  are 
the  Referendum  and  Recall. 

Mind-healing  in  various  forms  has  always  found  its  place.  It  is  a 
notorious  fact  that  when  the  symptoms  of  any  disease  are  graphically  set 
forth,  the  average  reader  finds  most  of  these  symptoms  in  himself.  It  is 
only  a  step  to  the  conclusion  that  these  symptoms  are  the  cause  of  the 
disease.  If  you  can  create  the  impression  that  the  symptoms  do  not  exist 
you  take  away  the  disease.  For  disease  and  symptoms  are  alike  the 
product  of  morbidity  of  mind.  To  have  faith  is  to  cure  this  morbidity. 
"Sin,  sorrow  and  sickness,"  says  one  of  the  leaders  of  this  form  of  thera- 
peutics, "are  all  three  illusions  of  the  sinful  soul.  *  *  *  They  are  but 
troubled  dreams  of  a  darkened  soul.  *  *  *  jj^  afflictions  of  disease  and 
dread  and  death  one  must  say  'This  is  a  dream.'  Then  it  becomes  a 
dream  and  we  rise  above  it  into  an  atmosphere  of  perfect  serenity.  *  *  * 
We  need  not  deal  with  the  body,  for  the  body  does  not  exist.  It  is  dull, 
heavy,  aching  because  it  is  the  dead  residuum  of  dream.  When  we  forget 
it,  it  is  no  longer  there.  Treat  a  beHef  in  sickness  as  you  would  a  sin, 
with  sudden  dismissal." 

It  is  undoubtedly  true  that  a  serene  spirit  is  a  valuable  agency  in 
the  recovery  from  disease.  It  is  likewise  true  that  suggestion  has  a 
mighty  potency  when  it  is  rightly  applied.  It  is  a  legitimate  and  recog- 
nized branch  of  therapeutics,  which  may  be  destined  to  have  a  wide  ap- 
plication in  the  future  treatment  of  disorders  of  the  nervous  system.  But 
it  is  likewise  true  that  suggestion  heals  no  broken  bones,  a  spirit  unper- 
turbed gives  no  safeguard  against  poisoned  mosquitoes,  and  the  power 
of  the  will  and  the  imagination  is  potent  chiefly  against  disorders  of  the 
imagination  and  the  will. 

The  first  and  most  important  thing  in  any  treatment  is  to  find  out 
what  is  the  matter  and  then,  if  may  be,  to  remove  the  cause  from  which 
the  symptoms  flow.  No  system  of  philosophy,  no  cult  of  religion  gives 
us  help  as  to  matters  of  fact.     It  does  not  strengthen  our  knowledge  of 

—  25  — 


the  demands  of  the  body  to  deny  the  body's  existence.  The  whole  fabric 
of  modern  science,  the  whole  fabric  of  modern  civilization  is  based  on 
the  conception  of  the  reality  of  external  things.  The  sanity  of  life  is 
conditioned  on  our  belief  in  realities,  the  mental  states  produced  by  con- 
tact with  external  things  as  distinct  from  illusions,  those  mental  states 
arising  from  conditions  within  ourselves.  This  distinction  is  the  founda- 
tion of  safety  in  life.  Our  body  through  its  nervous  system  is  cognizant 
of  realities.  The  defects  in  this  nervous  system  may  cloud  our  view  with 
illusions.  The  art  of  sound  living  is  to  discriminate  between  the  two  sets 
of  impressions.  To  confuse  reality  and  illusion  is  to  confuse  life  and 
death.  To  show  that  perception  and  reason  may  sometimes  be  deceived 
is  not  to  add  reality  to  the  figments  of  imagination.  It  does  not  advance 
science  to  doubt  the  things  we  know  to  be  true  in  order  to  give  proof  to 
propositions  we  know  to  be  false. 

We  may  be  therefore  certain  that  progressive  medicine  will  still  be- 
lieve in  the  reality  of  the  human  body  and  the  rational  veracity  of  the 
world  of  sense. 

We  may  be  sure  that  medical  science  does  not  grow  in  accordance 
with  the  theories  of  any  school  of  medicine  or  of  metaphysics.  It  is  ad- 
vanced by  the  study  of  things  as  they  are,  by  the  use  of  tools  of  precision 
on  definite  problems,  by  the  microscope  and  scalpel,  the  test  tube  and 
reagent,  by  the  culture  of  germs  and  the  discovery  of  germ-killers.  It 
grows  by  probing  the  actual  causes  of  bodily  disturbances  and  the  actual 
removal  of  such  causes.  It  grows,  as  all  sciences  have  grown,  by  the 
method  of  induction,  by  putting  two  and  two  together  and  verifying  the 
apparent  existence  of  four  as  a  resultant. 

And  in  the  future  of  medicine,  the  mere  removal  of  disease  must 
play  more  and  more  a  subordinate  part.  Most  disease  can  be  prevented. 
Above  all  therapeutics  stands  sanitation.  It  is  possible  to  remove  causes 
of  disease  long  before  any  disease  begins.  It  is  possible  to  heal  our  pa- 
tients long  before  they  are  ever  sick.  Our  knowledge  in  many  fields  is 
now  adequate  for  this  result.  No  one  can  be  attacked  by  an  infectious 
disease  unless  we  have  somehow  or  other  permitted  the  infection. 

In  modern  war,  it  now  costs  on  the  average  about  $15,000  to  kill  a 
man.  In  the  late  Boer  war,  this  expense  ran  up  to  nearly  $40,000.  It  is 
cheaper  to  save  men.  It  is  cheaper  to  stop  killing.  In  our  own  country, 
in  time  of  peace,  when  nothing  but  peace  is  possible  among  civilized  na- 
tions, we  spend  nearly  a  million  dollars  a  day  on  matters  concerned  with 
past  or  future  wars;  $850,000  a  day  on  future  wars  alone,  that  we  may 
not  be  caught  napping  when  the  day  of  the  impossible  shall  arrive. 

A  wiser  or  more  civilized  nation  would  give  some  part  of  this  sum 
to  the  prevention  or  stamping  out  of  the  worst  of  the  infectious  diseases. 
For  if  we  are  napping  these  are  sure  to  come.  The  danger  of  the  red 
plague,  present  everywhere,  is  infinitely  greater  than  that  of  war  with  any 
part  of  Europe  or  of  Asia.  The  terrible  infliction  of  the  unknown  para- 
site which  shows  itself  as  infantile  paralysis  awaits  the  strong  arm  of  the 

—  26  — 


people  to  set  it  aside  entirely.  No  disease  would  long  exist  if  we  made 
adequate  quarantine  provision.  Its  germs,  animal  or  plant,  must  be 
carried  from  man  to  man  or  from  animal  to  man,  else  the  race  of  para- 
sites would  die  out.  Now  that  we  know  what  our  enemies  are  it  is  pos- 
sible for  us  to  fight  them.  This  I  said  in  a  review  of  Tyndall's  work 
which  I  printed  thirty-five  years  ago.  Now  that  we  know  what  our 
enemies  are,  and  now  that  we  know  that  they  can  be  fought  successfully 
only  by  national  and  international  co-operation,  it  is  our  duty  thus  to 
fight  them.  It  shows  a  lack  of  national  manliness  to  continue  to  bear 
these  ills  when  a  little  energy  with  the  knowledge  we  have  is  adequate  to 
throw  them  all  off. 

I  am  still  a  young  man,  I  am  sure  of  that.  As  I  said  once  before, 
when  I  hear  the  students  speak  of  Old  Jordan,  I  know  that  they  mean  the 
river  of  Palestine,  or  perchance  in  these  days  a  forbidden  brand  of  alco- 
holics. They  do  not  mean  me.  It  is  not  so  many  years  since  I  received 
the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine, — and  I  hasten  to  say  that  I  have  never 
practiced  medicine  and  never  intended  to,  so  that  my  failures  in  knowl- 
edge have  never  harmed  any  one,  nor  brought  me  a  dollar  of  unearned 
increment. 

But  at  that  time,  in  1875,  the  words  "bacterium,"  "bacillus,"  "mi- 
crobe," were  all  unknown,  all  slumbering  together  in  the  Greek  lexicon. 
This  lexicon  gave  no  suspicion  that  bacterion  and  logos  would  come  to- 
gether to  form  a  science,  and  that  the  one  science  most  vitally  related  to 
human  life.  The  world  of  science  and  therefore  the  province  of  med- 
icine knew  nothing  of  invisible  one-celled  animals  and  plants,  bacteria 
and  protozoa,  which  flourish  and  run  their  courses  in  the  life  blood  of 
living  animals. 

The  source  of  infection  in  disease  was  then  called  a  "virus"  and  the 
growth  of  a  virus  was  an  extension  of  death.  Carlyle  had  said  that  a 
fallen  leaf  must  still  have  life  in  it  else  how  could  it  rot.  But  neither  the 
poet  nor  the  prophet  realized  that  this  life  which  tore  the  fallen  leaf  to 
pieces  was  the  life  of  a  multifarious  group  of  one-celled  vegetation  whose 
function  it  is  to  return  all  organic  matter  not  still  active  back  to  the  uni- 
verse in  its  constituent  elements.  In  those  days  malaria  was  an  evil 
spirit  or  miasma,  the  product  of  bad  air  or  maybe  of  bad  water.  All 
plagues  were  of  the  same  sort.  No  one  suspected  the  mosquito,  the  fly, 
the  flea,  the  louse,  the  bed  bug  or  the  wood  tick  of  harboring  any  vices 
worse  than  those  which  their  bite  or  their  presence  suggests.  There  was 
no  science  of  infectious  diseases  and  therefore  no  art  in  curing  or  pre- 
venting them.  The  most  that  could  be  done  was  to  let  them  run  their 
course,  allaying  as  might  be  some  of  their  most  annoying  symptoms. 

Antiseptics  were  only  guess  work.  We  had  not  heard  of  carbolic 
acid,  or  barely  heard  of  it,  and  the  coal  tar  products  with  their  varied 
possibilities  of  usefulness  and  mischief  still  lay  in  the  fossil  beds  of  the 
earth.  Surgery  was  a  matter  of  luck,  a  gamble,  as  the  phrase  is,  still 
conducted  as  has  been  said,  "along  the  lines  laid  down  by  the  early  Egyp- 

—  27  — 


tians."  There  had  been  no  Lister  to  show  the  reason  for  clean  knives, 
clean  hands  and  clean  air,  and  the  battlefields  of  those  days  were  a  wild 
riot  of  the  germs  of  gangrene  and  blood  poisoning. 

As  surgery  did  not  exist,  we  knew  nothing  of  preventive  surgery  or 
the  surgery  of  pathology. 

As  medicine  dealt  with  symptoms,  we  knew  nothing  of  pharmacol- 
ogy. These  were  the  days  before  Michael  Foster,  and  physiology  was 
still  merely  a  series  of  deductions  from  the  facts  of  elementary  anatomy. 
The  nature  and  structure  of  the  body  cell  was  very  scantily  known. 
Without  knowing  the  germ  cell,  the  physical  basis  of  heredity,  the  science 
of  heredity  was  unknown,  and  without  accurate  knowledge  of  heredity, 
the  science  of  eugenics  can  have  no  existence  or  meaning. 

In  these  times,  the  facts  and  laws  of  pathology  are  to  the  trained  phy- 
sician as  essential  as  the  alphabet  or  the  multiplication  table  to  the  rest 
of  the  world.  But  we  poor  practical  doctors  of  our  day  had  to  get  along 
without  it.  Science  had  not  reached  so  far,  and  we  had  to  be  practical 
men  because  perforce  we  could  not  be  scientific.  Dr.  Charles  Sedgwick 
Minot  has  well  pointed  out  the  distinction.  "The  only  important  differ- 
ence," he  says,  "between  the  practical  doctor  and  the  scientific  doctor  is 
that  the  patients  of  the  practical  doctor  are  more  likely  to  die."  In  heal- 
ing men,  as  in  other  lines  of  industry,  the  first  requisite  is  to  know  how. 
To  know  how  is  the  essence  of  science. 

The  next  stage  of  the  scientific  doctor  is  not  merely  to  cure  his 
patients  but  to  help  conduct  the  affairs  of  the  community  so  that  men  and 
women  will  no  longer  come  to  him  to  be  cured.  Half  the  disease  of  the 
world  comes  from  the  infection  of  the  crowd.  Nine-tenths  of  the  infec- 
tion of  the  crowd  could  be  spared  if  the  knowledge  we  have  could  work 
itself  out  in  governmental  action. 

The  governments  of  the  world  are  about  the  poorest  tools  we  know 
for  the  achievement  of  good  deeds.  They  are  controlled  by  tradition,  by 
prejudice,  by  the  noise  of  fife  and  drum.  They  are  ruled  by  the  influence 
of  caste  and  privilege.  They  are  bigoted  and  wasteful  and  when  they 
deal  with  the  individual  life  they  are  likely  to  be  careless  and  unjust. 

But  in  dealing  with  the  great  plagues  of  the  world,  the  black,  the 
yellow,  the  red  and  all  the  poisonous  array  of  health-breaking  parasites, 
the  government  is  the  only  tool  we  have.  The  individual  is  helpless,  the 
community  is  all.  The  acts  of  the  community  cannot  rise  much  above  its 
knowledge.  All  effective  government  is  by  public  opinion.  The  people 
must  learn  the  facts  of  pathology  and  of  sanitation.  There  is  no  school 
of  medicine  which  can  honorably  come  between  them  and  the  truth. 

And  that  the  Lane  Library  of  Stanford  University,  the  Medical  De- 
partment of  Stanford  University,  and  the  University  itself,  may  do  their 
part  in  the  great  work  of  bringing  health  to  the  people,  that  they  may  co- 
operate with  the  sister  schools  and  with  all  other  good  agencies  to  good 
ends,  is  the  motive  behind  the  functions  of  today. 


28  — 


THE  WORDS  OF  DEDICATION 

The  Reverend  Bradford  Leavitt,  minister  of  the  First  Unitarian 
Church  of  San  Francisco,  read  the  following  passage  from  Ecclesiasticus : 

Honor  a  physician  with  the  honours  due  unto  him :  for  verily  the 
Lord  hath  created  him.  For  from  the  Most  High  cometh  healing;  and 
from  the  king  he  shall  receive  a  gift.  The  skill  of  the  physician  shall 
lift  up  his  head ;  and  in  the  sight  of  great  men  he  shall  be  admired.  The 
Lord  created  medicines  out  of  the  earth ;  and  a  prudent  man  will  not 
despise  them.  With  them  doth  he  heal  a  man,  and  taketh  away  his  pain. 
There  is  a  time  when  in  their  very  hands  is  the  issue  of  life.  For  they 
also  shall  beseech  the  Lord,  that  he  may  prosper  them  in  giving  relief 
and  in  healing  for  the  maintenance  of  life.  And  from  him  is  peace  upon 
the  face  of  the  earth. 

At  the  close  of  the  exercises  while  the  audience  was  standing  for 
the  benediction,  he  pronounced  the  words  of  dedication  as  follows: 

"Almighty  God,  standing  as  in  thy  presence,  solemnly,  we  dedicate 
this  building  to  medical  practice  and  medical  research,  to  the  service  of 
humanity,  which  is  the  service  of  God." 

APPENDIX 

The  following  account  of  the  Lane  Library  Building  is  contributed 
by  Professor  Ray  Lyman  Wilbur,  Executive  Head  of  the  Department  of 
Medicine. 

The  new  Lane  Medical  Library  Building,  in  which  the  volumes  of 
the  University's  Department  of  Medicine  are  now  shelved  and  at  the  ser- 
vice of  the  students  of  the  Department  and  of  the  medical  profession,  is 
not  only  thoroughly  modern  and  convenient,  but  beautiful  as  well.  Con- 
structed on  a  steel  frame,  the  exterior  is  of  smooth  Colusa  sandstone  of 
a  soft  grey  color,  while  the  interior  gives  an  impression  of  spacious  sub- 
stantiality and  quiet. 

The  general  reading  room,  with  its  open  shelves  of  reference  vol- 
umes, its  broad  reading  tables  and  its  quiet  green  walls,  is  particularly 
fortunate.  To  this  room  is  added  beauty  and  dignity,  also  by  the  mural 
paintings  from  the  brush  of  Arthur  F.  Mathews,  of  San  Francisco. 
These  pictures  are  the  gift  of  Mrs.  Henrietta  Zeile.  They  occupy  three 
large  panels  on  the  east  side  of  the  Reading  Room,  adding  a  fine  touch 
of  color  to  the  somewhat  somber  green  wall.  One  shows  beneath  a 
spreading  oak  an  Indian  medicine  man — the  primitive  art  of  healing. 
Another  is  a  mediaeval  towered  city  with  a  red  robed  doctor  reassuring 
a  group  of  frightened  people  who  cower  before  a  woman  with  the  "evil 
eye."  In  the  central  panel  Urania,  in  starry  blue  kneels,  with  her  hand 
upon  a  sphere,  Therpsichore  with  dancing  girls  embroidered  on  her 
cloak,  ivy-crowned  Thalia,  dark  draped  Melpomene  and  their  sister 
muses  surround  a  white  clad  woman,  Hygeia,  and  a  child.    The  work  is 

—  29  — 

293434 


in  Mathew's  best  style,  the  flesh  tones  of  the  life  size  figures  wonderful, 
the  landscapes  beautiful  with  purple  shadows,  rolling  hills  and  sunlit 
clouds. 

The  reading  rooms  for  the  special  libraries,  such  as  that  on  ophthal- 
mology and  otology,  the  gift  of  Professor  Adolph  Barkan,  are  also  ex- 
cellent, the  lighting  arrangements  for  night  work,  through  reflected  and 
diffused  lights,  being  particularly  good. 

The  stack  rooms  are  absolutely  fire-proof,  and  can  be  cut  off  by 
metal  doors  from  the  rest  of  the  building.  There  is  no  wood  at  all  in 
the  construction  of  this  part  of  the  building,  the  floors  and  walls  being 
of  concrete,  the  doors  and  stacks  of  metal. 

The  forty  thousand  volumes  which  at  present  constitute  the  library 
and  make  it  the  largest  of  any  of  the  university  medical  libraries  in  Amer- 
ica, are  easily  accommodated  on  the  shelves,  which  can  hold  half  as  many 
more,  without  further  addition.  There  is,  moreover,  available  space  in 
the  building  as  it  now  stands  which  can  be  filled  with  stacks  to  bring  the 
capacity  up  to  something  like  three  times  the  number  of  volumes  the 
University  now  owns.  After  that,  the  building  can  be  extended  out  over 
the  lot  next  to  the  Library  on  Sacramento  street,  which  the  University 
owns,  and  space  provided  for  indefinite  expansion. 

The  architect  of  the  Library  is  Mr.  Albert  Pissis,  who  through  this 
building  has  added  to  the  high  reputation  he  already  held  as  the  designer 
of  many  of  the  finest  structures  in  San  Francisco. 

The  dedication  of  the  Lane  Medical  Library  Building  marks  the 
completion  of  the  first  stage  in  the  development  of  the  Stanford  Univer- 
sity Medical  Department.  The  Trustees  of  the  University,  acting  as  trus- 
tees of  the  funds  left  by  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Lane,  have  constructed  a  building 
that  will  be  of  great  service  to  the  medical  profession  of  the  West  and 
of  particular  service  to  the  Medical  Department.  In  fact  its  possession 
is  a  great  asset  in  the  development  of  proper  medical  teaching  and  makes 
the  new  Medical  Department  unique  in  this  country. 

The  high  standard  that  Stanford  set  in  medical  education,  requiring 
three  years  of  University  work  for  admission  into  medicine,  placed  the 
Medical  Department  at  once  in  the  front  rank  of  such  institutions.  The 
requirements  are  equal  to  those  of  Cornell  and  Western  Reserve  Univer- 
sity and  not  unlike  those  of  Harvard.  Columbia  and  Pennsylvania.  Johns 
Hopkins  requires  an  A.  B.  degree  for  admission ;  Harvard  admits  upon 
an  A.  B.  degree  but  permits  students  who  have  covered  certain  special 
subjects  to  enter  after  two  years  of  University  work.  It  has  been  a  source 
of  gratification  that,  in  spite  of  these  high  requirements,  forty-six  students 
have  registered  in  Medicine  even  before  a  single  class  has  been  graduated. 
The  class  of  five,  sent  up  to  San  Francisco  in  January,  1910,  has  now 
increased  to  ten,  two  students  having  joined  it  from  the  University  of 
California  last  year,  and  one  each  from  Johns  Hopkins,  the  University 
of  Chicago  and  Cooper  Medical  College  this  year.    It  is  anticipated  that 

—  30  — 


there  will  be  a  slow  but  steady  growth  in  the  number  of  students  but  that 
the  number  admitted  will  always  be  small. 

The  space  made  available  in  the  Clinical  and  Laboratory  Building 
by  the  removal  of  the  Library,  together  with  a  portion  of  the  former 
auditorium,  is  being  remodeled  and  within  a  month  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment will  have  the  best  equipped  outpatient  clinics  west  of  Chicago. 
July  I,  1912,  the  control  of  Lane  Hospital  passed  into  the  hands  of  the 
Clinical  Committee  of  the  Medical  Faculty  so  that  the  University  Hos- 
pital is  under  the  direct  supervision  of  the  instructing  staff;  a  most  im- 
portant advantage  in  proper  medical  teaching  and  one  possessed  by  but 
few  American  medical  schools.  Arrangements  have  been  made  by  the 
Board  of  Trustees  to  facilitate  the  business  management  of  the  Hospital 
and  Medical  Department  in  San  Francisco  and  to  improve  the  service  for 
the  private  rooms.  The  home  formerly  occupied  by  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Lane, 
which  is  in  the  block  opposite  the  hospital,  is  now  being  used  as  a  tem- 
porary nurses'  home. 

As  at  present  organized,  with  the  Lane  Medical  Library,  Lane  Hos- 
pital, the  outpatient  clinics  and  the  laboratories  in  San  Francisco,  the  ex- 
cellent services  at  the  San  Francisco  Hospital,  and  with  the  laboratories 
of  Chemistry,  Physiology,  Anatomy,  Bacteriology,  Pharmacology, 
Physics,  Zoology  and  Botany  on  the  campus,  there  is  no  better  Medical 
Department  for  a  limited  number  of  students  in  this  country. 

Like  all  growing  things,  the  Medical  Department  has  many  press- 
ing needs.  Among  them  are  the  construction  of  a  new  nurses'  home,  for 
which  the  land  is  available,  the  construction  of  a  maternity  home  and 
women's  clinic,  for  which  land  is  likewise  available,  and  the  construction 
of  a  new  children's  hospital.  The  further  endowment  of  Lane  Hospital 
and  the  endowment  of  certain  professorships  is  very  much  needed  in 
order  that  the  institution  may  grow  in  the  best  way.  A  number  of 
alumni  and  others  have  contributed  books  and  money  to  the  Library  and 
money  to  the  Hospital,  both  for  the  upkeep  of  beds  and  for  special  ex- 
penses. Recently  Mr.  Felton  B.  Elkins  has  presented  the  Department 
with  funds  for  the  salary  for  the  chief  obstetrical  nurse  for  the  present 
year. 

In  general,  it  can  be  said  that  for  the  short  time  that  Stanford  has 
been  engaged  in  medical  education,  she  has  made  a  good  record.  Future 
development  has  been  planned  for  in  such  a  way  that  advantage  can  be 
taken  of  any  help,  great  or  small,  that  comes  to  the  Medical  Department. 

The  advent  of  Stanford  into  San  Francisco  is  of  much  significance. 
The  number  of  people  concerned  is  alone  worthy  of  mention.  Besides  the 
Faculty  and  students,  there  is  a  metropolitan  hospital  with  an  average  of 
150  patients,  changing  from  day  to  day,  a  Training  School  of  80  nurses, 
other  employees  of  like  number  and  from  50,000  to  60,000  visits  per  year 
in  the  out-patient  clinical  departments. 


31  — 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CAU^'ORNJa 
AT 


I 


I 


A    000  842  180    2 


